2024-25 Academic Catalog

Department of Management and Information Systems

Office: 302 McCool Hall

Students in the Department of Management and Information Systems may elect to major in either Management or Business Information Systems. Both majors offer excellent job opportunities and can help graduates to achieve their potential in business firms or other organizations.

Management Major (MGT)

Regardless of one’s chosen career, future responsibilities will very likely require a knowledge of management concepts. While an organization can acquire more capital, and technology becomes more common and cost-effective, the only true sustainable source of competitive advantage for an organization is people, and how these resources are managed. Management adds value by encouraging employee involvement, creativity, motivation and loyalty. A student may choose to take electives emphasizing human resource management, general management, and entrepreneurship.

Business Information Systems Major (BIS)

Business, industrial, governmental, and military establishments are constantly seeking persons with the necessary aptitude, professional education, and experience for careers in the fast-growing field of computer information systems. Through the facilities of the academic departments and the computing center, students at Mississippi State University have a unique opportunity to acquire both professional education and experience in business and management information systems.

The purpose of the Business Information Systems major is to prepare students to solve business problems where the solution normally involves the use of a computer. Thus, the student must have a strong foundation in computer concepts, systems analysis and design, programming and quantitative skills. Since the student will be expected to solve business related problems, he/she must have a broad background and understanding of the business environment including such topics as accounting, economics, law, management, production, marketing, finance, and communications.

A student chapter of the BIS club is active and provides students with the opportunity to keep abreast of current developments in the field of management information systems through professional speakers, social activities, and field trips.

Management Major (MGT)

General Education Requirements

English Composition
EN 1103English Composition I3-4
or EN 1104 Expanded English Composition I
EN 1113English Composition II3
or EN 1173 Accelerated Composition II
Mathematics
MA 1313College Algebra3
MA 1613Calculus for Business and Life Sciences I3
or MA 1713 Calculus I
BQA 2113Business Statistical Methods I3
or MA 2113 Introduction to Statistics
or ST 2113 Introduction to Statistics
Science
2 Lab Sciences from General Education courses6
Humanities
See General Education courses6
Fine Arts
See General Education courses3
Social/Behavioral Sciences
PS 1113American Government3
Choose from General Education excluding: AEC and EC3
College Core
BQA 3123Business Statistical Methods II3
ACC 2013Principles of Financial Accounting3
ACC 2023Principles of Managerial Accounting3
EC 2113Principles of Macroeconomics3
EC 2123Principles of Microeconomics3
BL 2413The Legal Environment of Business3
BIS 3233Management Information Systems3
FIN 3113Financial Systems3
FIN 3123Financial Management3
MKT 3013Principles of Marketing3
MGT 3113Principles of Management3
BUS 4853Strategic Management3
International Elective (see advisor for options)3
Oral Communication Requirement
CO 1003Fundamentals of Public Speaking3
or CO 1013 Introduction to Communication
Computer Literacy Requirement
BIS 1012Introduction to Business Information Systems2-3
or TECH 1273 Computer Applications
Writing Requirement
MGT 3213Organizational Communications3
Major Core
MGT 3323Entrepreneurship3
MGT 3513Introduction to Human Resource Management3
MGT 3813Organizational Behavior3
MGT 4153Management Seminar3
Choose any three MGT electives 3000-level or above:9
Field Studies in Entrepreneurship
Socially Responsible Leadership
Advanced Human Resource Management
Compensation Management
Staffing in Organizations
Cross-Cultural Management
Free electives19
Total Hours124

Business Information Systems Major (BIS)

General Education Requirements

English Composition
EN 1103English Composition I3
or EN 1104 Expanded English Composition I
EN 1113English Composition II3
or EN 1173 Accelerated Composition II
Mathematics
MA 1313College Algebra3
MA 1613Calculus for Business and Life Sciences I3
BQA 2113Business Statistical Methods I3
Science
2 Lab Sciences from General Education courses6
Humanities
See General Education courses6
Fine Arts
See General Education courses3
Social/Behavioral Sciences
PS 1113American Government3
Choose from General Education excluding: AEC and EC3
College Core
BQA 3123Business Statistical Methods II3
ACC 2013Principles of Financial Accounting3
ACC 2023Principles of Managerial Accounting3
EC 2113Principles of Macroeconomics3
EC 2123Principles of Microeconomics3
BL 2413The Legal Environment of Business3
BIS 3233Management Information Systems3
FIN 3113Financial Systems3
FIN 3123Financial Management3
MKT 3013Principles of Marketing3
MGT 3113Principles of Management3
BUS 4853Strategic Management3
International Elective (see advisor for options)3
Oral Communication Requirement
CO 1003Fundamentals of Public Speaking3
or CO 1013 Introduction to Communication
Computer Literacy Requirement
BIS 1012Introduction to Business Information Systems2
Writing Requirement
MGT 3213Organizational Communications3
Major Core
BIS 1523Web Development I3
BIS 2523Web Development II3
BIS 3523Advanced Languages I3
BIS 3753Business Database Systems3
BIS 4753Structured Systems Analysis and Design3
BIS 4763BIS Senior Seminar3
Choose two of the following:6
Business Information Systems Security Management
Microcomputers and Networks
Business Programming with COBOL
Decision Support Systems
Non-business electives (see advisor for options)
Computer Science Engineering (CSE) electives3
Computer-related electives9
Free electives4
Total Hours123

Business Information Systems Courses

BIS 1001 First Year Seminar: 1 hour.

One hour lecture. First-year seminars explore a diverse arrary of topics that provide students with an opportunity to learn about a specific discipline from skilled faculty members

BIS 1012 Introduction to Business Information Systems: 2 hours.

Two hours lecture. Overview of business information systems. Application of computer hardware, software, data, analytics, and procedures to business processes. Covers the internet, emerging technologies, and personal and business analytical productivity packages

BIS 1523 Web Development I: 3 hours.

Three hours lecture. An introduction to the design, development, and maintenance of dynamic web pages and web sites, including coverage of HTML, CSS, and the PHP programming language

BIS 1733 Visual Basic Programming: 3 hours.

Three hours lecture. Introduction to object-oriented, event-driven, and procedural programming to develop business and e-commerce applications

BIS 1753 Introduction to Business COBOL: 3 hours.

(Prerequisites: Grade of B or higher in BIS 1733, or grade of B or higher in any 3 hours of computer programming, or graduate standing). Three hours lecture. Structured program design for business applications. Data editing, table handling, and file processing with sequential and random access files will be stressed

BIS 2523 Web Development II: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: BIS 1523) Three hours lecture. Advanced design, development, and maintenance of dynamic web pages and web sites, including coverage of Javascript, third party Javascript tools such as jQuery and jQuery Mobile, as well as AJAX, and PHP/MySQL

BIS 2990 Special Topics in Business Information Systems: 1-9 hours.

Credit and title to be arranged. This course is to be used on a limited basis to offer developing subject matter areas not covered in existing courses. (Courses limited to two offerings under one title within two academic years)

BIS 3233 Management Information Systems: 3 hours.

Three hours lecture. A survey of the components, functions, and processes of Information Systems as they relate to managing modern organization for increased efficiency and competitiveness

BIS 3523 Advanced Languages I: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: BIS 1523 and BIS 2523, or any 6 hours of computer programming). Three hours lecture. An introduction to object-oriented programming, with an emphasis on working with classes, objects, and event-driven programming

BIS 3713 Electronic Information Systems: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: Junior Standing and six hours of mathematics and/or statistics, or consent of instructor). Three hours lecture. Principles of business information systems using computer equipment. Business problem solving, including problem definition, flow charting, basic programming and input-output design. (Credit for this course may be earned only at the Meridian and Jackson branches of Mississippi State University. Credit will not be granted for this course and BIS 1013 or CS 1013)

BIS 3753 Business Database Systems: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: BIS 1523 and BIS 2523, or any 6 hours of computer programming, or graduate standing). Three hours lecture. Introduction to business database applications. Includes data modeling, design techniques, and data collection, storage, manipulation, retrieval, and analytical strategies

BIS 4000 Directed Individual Study in Business Information Systems: 1-6 hours.

Hours and credits to be arranged

BIS 4113 Business Information Systems Security Management: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: BIS 3233 or any 3 hours of computer-related coursework). Three hours lecture. Concepts, skills, tools, and analytical techniques involved in management of computer security as it applies to today's business environment

BIS 4513 Microcomputers and Networks: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: BIS 3523 or equivalent, or any 3 hours of computer-related coursework). Three hours lecture. Concepts and technology of microcomputers and of computer networks. Experience in building and maintaining microcomputer and networking hardware and software

BIS 4523 Business Programming with COBOL: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: BIS 1523 and BIS 2523 or 6 hours of computer programming; or graduate standing and three hours of computer programming). Three hours lecture. In-depth concepts and experience in business-oriented computer programming. File input/output, sequential, indexed sequential, and relative files

BIS 4533 Decision Support Systems: 3 hours.

(Prerequisites: BIS 3233 or equivalent). Three hours lecture. Theory and application of decision support, business intelligence, integrated collaboration systems, and data mining using advanced computing techniques. Hands-on experience in developing decision support systems

BIS 4753 Structured Systems Analysis and Design: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: BIS 1523 and BIS 2523, or any 6 hours of computer programming). Three hours lecture. Analysis/design of computer-based information systems emphasizing problem identification, requirements structuring, business data analytics, and solution generation in business process analysis projects

BIS 4763 BIS Senior Seminar: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: Senior standing, BIS 1523, BIS 2523, and 9 hours of upper-level BIS courses; or consent of instructor). Three hours lecture. Preparation for IS careers involving information systems management emphasizing e-commerce technology and emerging business models. Business analytics project

BIS 4990 Special Topics in Business Information Systems: 1-9 hours.

Credit and title to be arranged. This course is to be used on a limited basis to offer developing subject matter areas not covered in existing courses. (Courses limited to two offerings under one title within two academic years)

BIS 6113 Business Information Systems Security Management: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: BIS 3233 or any 3 hours of computer-related coursework). Three hours lecture. Concepts, skills, tools, and analytical techniques involved in management of computer security as it applies to today's business environment

BIS 6513 Microcomputers and Networks: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: BIS 3523 or equivalent, or any 3 hours of computer-related coursework). Three hours lecture. Concepts and technology of microcomputers and of computer networks. Experience in building and maintaining microcomputer and networking hardware and software

BIS 6523 Business Programming with COBOL: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: BIS 1523 and BIS 2523 or 6 hours of computer programming; or graduate standing and three hours of computer programming). Three hours lecture. In-depth concepts and experience in business-oriented computer programming. File input/output, sequential, indexed sequential, and relative files

BIS 6533 Decision Support Systems: 3 hours.

(Prerequisites: BIS 3233 or equivalent). Three hours lecture. Theory and application of decision support, business intelligence, integrated collaboration systems, and data mining using advanced computing techniques. Hands-on experience in developing decision support systems

BIS 6990 Special Topics in Business Information Systems: 1-9 hours.

Credit and title to be arranged. This course is to be used on a limited basis to offer developing subject matter areas not covered in existing courses. (Courses limited to two offerings under one title within two academic years)

BIS 7000 Directed Individual Study in Business Information Systems: 1-6 hours.

Hours and credits to be arranged

BIS 8113 Management Information Technology and Systems: 3 hours.

Three hours lecture. Course includes the description, development and use of systems from an analytical perspective. Technology-enabled concepts are used for student assignments

BIS 8122 Multimedia Presentation and Communication: 2 hours.

(Prerequisite: Graduate Standing). Two hours lecture. Emphasis on planning and delivering business presentations enhanced by multimedia. Concepts, design, and experience in developing multimedia presentations. Exposure to interactive multimedia

BIS 8213 Secure Systems Analysis and Design: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite or co-requisite: BIS 8113 or any 3 hours of computer-related coursework). Three hours lecture. Analysis/design of secure computer-based information systems using structured methodologies. Emphasis on functional and security requirements analysis, business data analysis, logical system design, quality assurance, and comprehensive information security management

BIS 8313 Advanced Database Design Administration: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: Three hours of computer programming with a grade of B or better). Three hours lecture. Design and management of local and distributed data resources, database design, definition, creation, maintenance, acquisition and analytical use. Role of Database Administrator

BIS 8413 Data Analytics: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: BQA 8443 or equivalent). Three hours lecture. Enterprise approach to improving business processes and managerial decision-making through quantitatively sophisticated analysis of organizational data. Hands-on experience in analytical techniques, modeling, and software

BIS 8513 Business Telecommunications: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite or co-requisite: BIS 8113 or equivalent). Three hours lecture. The evaluation, analysis and design of information systems utilizing telecommunications and networking concepts and techniques. Emphasis is on business applications and related considerations

BIS 8613 MIS Administration: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite or co-requisite: BIS 8113 or equivalent). Three hours lecture. Administration of the MIS function in the business enterprise. Emphasis on activity of managing and analyzing the IS function at all levels of the firm

BIS 8753 Information Systems Collaborative Project: 3 hours.

(Prerequisites: 9 hours of graduate BIS coursework beyond 8113). Three hours lecture. Capstone experience incorporating knowledge gained in prerequisite courses. Requires team participation using appropriate tools and methodologies in assisting organizations with real-world information systems related requirements through business and data analysis

BIS 8990 Special Topics in Business Information Systems: 1-9 hours.

Credit and title to be arranged. This course is to be used on a limited basis to offer developing subject matter areas not covered in existing courses. (Courses limited to two offerings under one title within two academic years)

BIS 9000 Research in Business Information Systems: 1-13 hours.

Hours and credits to be arranged

BIS 9013 General Topics in MIS Research: 3 hours.

(Prerequisites: BIS Ph.D. student or permission of instructor). Three hours lecture. Review of the most widely recognized literature in the MIS field, including studies on systems acceptance, usage, user satisfaction, and group support

BIS 9113 Management Information Systems (MIS) Seminar: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: BIS Ph.D. student or permission of instructor). Three hours lecture. Penetrating review of issues, methodologies and new developments in design and operation of management information, decision support, and computer-based decision-making systems

BIS 9213 Advanced Topics in MIS Research: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: BIS Ph.D. student or permission of instructor). In-depth study of MIS research topics. Review of emerging theories and methodologies, scientific empiricism, modeling, validity, measurement, research design, journal review, and research project management

BIS 9313 Qualitative Research in MIS: 3 hours.

(Prerequisites: BIS Ph.D. student or permission of instructor). Three hours lecture. Emphasis is on evaluation the operation and contribution of qualitative research in MIS. The approach, conduct, and evaluation of qualitative research

BIS 9613 Info Security Research Design: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: Current BIS Ph.D. Student or permission of instructor). Three hours lecture. Review of InfoSec research theory and methods, plus emerging methodological issues. Design of rigorous publishable research projects to address emerging InfoSec research questions

Management Courses

MGT 1011 Ideation: 1 hour.

(Prerequisite: Admission to MVP). This is a course on discovery. Students will explore a variety of critical challenges surrounding the entrepreneur’s ability to recognize and develop new ideas

MGT 1021 Strategic Thinking: 1 hour.

(Prerequisite: Admission to MVP). An introduction to company missions, core values and strategies. Emphasis is placed on the role of strategy in the formation of new business ventures

MGT 2990 Special Topics in Management and Information Systems: 1-9 hours.

Credit and title to be arranged. This course is to be used on a limited basis to offer developing subject matter areas not covered in existing courses. (Courses limited to two offerings under one title within two academic years)

MGT 3113 Principles of Management: 3 hours.

(Prerequisites: junior standing). Three hours lecture. Management principles for large, small, entrepreneurial, and family businesses including planning, organizing, leading, and controlling

MGT 3213 Organizational Communications: 3 hours.

(Prerequisites: EN 1113 and junior standing). Three hours lecture. Application of communication principles through preparation of effective documents and presentations. Includes study and application of team communication, multicultural communication, technology usage, and ethical considerations

MGT 3323 Entrepreneurship: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: Junior standing or consent of instructor). Three hours lecture. An introduction to the processes involved in owning and managing a business. Includes the entrepreneurial activities normally associated with starting and operating a business

MGT 3333 Field Studies in Entrepreneurship: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: MGT 3323 or consent of instructor). Three hours lecture. Students, working in groups (or individually) under the direction of their professor, will assess problems of an embryonic, entrepreneurial organization and recommend appropriate solutions, through the development of an entrepreneurial organization or consulting with an operating entrepreneurial organization

MGT 3413 Production Management: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: MGT 3113 and BQA 2113). Three hours lecture. Purposes, methods, tools, and procedures of production/operations management: systems used in large and small firms

MGT 3513 Introduction to Human Resource Management: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: Junior standing or consent of instructor). Three hours lecture. Development of efficient programs for managing human resources in large, small, entrepreneurial, and family businesses. Emphasizes equal employment opportunity, performance evaluation, selection, placement, education, training, safety and health

MGT 3713 Family Business Management: 3 hours.

Three hours lecture. Study of business practices for family owned businesses - the functions, issues, operations, and dynamics of family businesses from a strategic management perspective

MGT 3813 Organizational Behavior: 3 hours.

(Prerequisites: MGT 3113). Three hours lecture. Study of behavioral theories used by managers to assist them in better understanding, anticipating, and influencing behavior in large, small, entrepreneurial, and family businesses

MGT 3823 Socially Responsible Leadership: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: Junior-level academic standing). Three hours lecture. Study of leadership in large, small, entrepreneurial, and family businesses. Emphasizes the ethical challenges facing leaders and the impact of the behavior of leaders on followers, organizations, and organizational stakeholders

MGT 4000 Directed Individual Study in Management and Information Systems: 1-6 hours.

(Prerequisite: Junior standing). Hours and credits to be arranged

MGT 4001 Leadership: Building a C-Suite: 1 hour.

(Prerequisite: Admission to MVP). An introduction to teambuilding. This course examines methods of building a dream-team at the helm of new companies. The course includes personal assessment tools designed to help understand dominant behavioral traits

MGT 4153 Management Seminar: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: Senior standing). Three hours lecture. Presents for analysis, discussion, and solution case-problems of actual situations met in day-to-day operation of large, small, entrepreneurial, and family businesses which require managerial action

MGT 4533 Advanced Human Resource Management: 3 hours.

Prerequisite: MGT 3513 or consent of instructor). Three hours lecture. Study of problems in the field of human resource management in large, small, entrepreneurial, and family businesses, emphasizing development of the ability to analyze problems and to apply management fundamentals to human resource management

MGT 4543 Compensation Management: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: MGT 3513). Three hours lecture. Compensation fundamentals, practices, and problems in large, small, entrepreneurial, and family businesses, including wage level determinants, wage and salary structures, merit rating, methods of wage payments, fringe benefits, and controls

MGT 4563 Staffing in Organizations: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: MGT 3113 and MGT 3513). Three hours lecture. Study of the staffing function in large, small, entrepreneurial, and family businesses, with emphasis on human resource planning, recruitment, and selection

MGT 4613 Cross-Cultural Management: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: MGT 3113). Three hours lecture. Study of managing in a multi-cultural environment. Focuses on global strategies, management approaches, and interactions of large, small, entrepreneurial, and family businesses

MGT 4713 Quality in Organizations: 3 hours.

(Prerequisites: MGT 3113). Three hours lecture. An introduction to theories and tools associated with quality management in organizations. Considers the managerial, employee, organizational, and cultural changes required to enhance quality

MGT 4863 International Strategic Management: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: Graduating senior in International Business academic program). Three hours lecture. Administrative process in large, small, entrepreneurial, and family businesses that compete internationally. Emphasis on integrating knowledge acquired in functional areas of business and current events in formulating international competitive policies

MGT 4990 Special Topics in Management and Information Systems: 1-9 hours.

Credit and title to be arranged. This course is to be used on a limited basis to offer developing subject matter areas not covered in existing courses. (Courses limited to two offerings under one title within two academic years)

MGT 6990 Special Topics in Management and Information Systems: 1-9 hours.

Credit and title to be arranged. This course is to be used on a limited basis to offer developing subject matter areas not covered in existing courses. (Courses limited to two offerings under one title within two academic years)

MGT 7000 Directed Individual Study in Management and Information Systems: 1-6 hours.

Hours and credits to be arranged

MGT 8063 Survey of Management: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: Graduate standing). Three hours lecture. Survey of management principles and techniques including: objective, policies, functions, leadership, organization, and production control procedures and systems as applied to all fields of business

MGT 8103 Strategic and Entrepreneurial Management: 3 hours.

This course focuses on how organizations create sustained competitive advantages through environmental scanning, strategic thinking, strategic communication and a commitment to action

MGT 8111 Human Resources Issues: 1 hour.

(Prerequisite: MGT 8063 or equivalent). One hour lecture. Survey of nature and influences of human resource management in organizations. Case studies are used to apply and reinforce theory

MGT 8113 Leadership Skills for Managerial Behavior: 3 hours.

Three hours lecture. Survey of major behavioral skills used by managers to help them build human capital and influence behavior in an organizational setting

MGT 8123 Strategic Business Consulting: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: BQA 8233, MKT 8153, EC 8103, ACC 8213, FIN 8113, MGT 8113). Three hours lecture. A study of strategic management covering environmental analysis, competition between firms, competitive advantage, and strategy implementation culminating in a consulting project with participating organization

MGT 8613 Managing in the Global Business Environment: 3 hours.

Three hours lecture. Analysis of the global environmental elements which impact and are impacted by organizations: global politics and economics, culture, international competition, natural resources, technology

MGT 8813 Organizational Behavior: 3 hours.

Three hours lecture. A study of the major behavioral theories and technologies as they relate to an organizational setting. Theory and research in the major organizational behavior areas will be emphasized

MGT 8823 Organization Development: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: MGT 3113). Study of the ways organizations can better adapt to the challenges of a modern society. The focus is on innovation, change, and action-oriented research

MGT 8990 Special Topics in Management and Information Systems: 1-9 hours.

Credit and title to be arranged. This course is to be used on a limited basis to offer developing subject matter areas not covered in existing courses. (Courses limited to two offerings under one title within two academic years)

MGT 9000 Research in Management: 1-13 hours.

Hours and credits to be arranged

MGT 9143 Development of Management Theory: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: approval of Instructor). Three hours lecture. Doctoral Seminar. A survey analysis and synthesis of the classical idea which have influenced the development of management and current management theory

MGT 9313 Seminar in Research Methods: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: Approval of instructor). The course will focus on the design, analysis, and writing of original research for publication in peer-reviewed, academic journals in the organizational sciences and related disciplines

MGT 9533 Seminar in Human Resource Management Literature: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: Approval of Instructor). Discussions and presentations pertaining to HRM literature. Emphasis on understanding the empirical and theoretical research in this area and developing individual theoretical manuscripts for presentation

MGT 9613 Organizational Theory and Practice: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: Approval of Instructor). Three hours lecture. Doctoral Seminar. Analysis and design of organization structure and dynamics of organization. Behavioral aspects of the executive factors affecting the administrative process within organizations

MGT 9713 Seminar in Entrepreneurship: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: Approval of Instructor). Discussions and presentations pertaining to the entrepreneurship literature. Emphasis on understanding the empirical and theoretical research in this area and developing individual manuscripts for presentation

MGT 9813 Seminar in Organizational Behavior: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: Approval of Instructor). Discussions and presentations pertaining to OB literature. Emphasis on understanding the empirical and theoretical research in this area, and developing individual theoretical manuscripts for presentation

MGT 9913 Seminar in Strategy Formulation: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: Approval of Instructor). Doctoral seminar covering the strategic management literature pertaining to strategy formulation in new, small, family, and public firms

MGT 9933 Seminar in Strategy Implementation: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: Approval of instructor). Doctoral seminar covering the strategic management literature pertaining to strategy implementation in new, small, family, and public firms