Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences

ADS 1001 First Year Seminar: 1 hour.

One hour lecture. First-year seminars explore a diverse arrary of topics that provide students with an opportunity to learn about a specific discipline from skilled faculty members

ADS 1013 Animal Agriculture & Society: Food for Thought: 3 hours.

Three hours lecture. Exploration of connections between animal agriculture and society including animal production systems, food and fiber production, consumer perceptions and addressing concerns regarding the growing world population. (Same as PO 1013)

ADS 1111 Orientation in Animal Science: 1 hour.

One hour lecture. Introduction to career choices within the animal science industry

ADS 1113 Animal Science: 3 hours.

Three hours lecture. Fundamental principles of livestock, dairy, and poultry science. (ADS majors must earn a C or better to graduate)

ADS 1121 Animal Science Laboratory: 1 hour.

(Prerequisite: Prior credit or concurrent enrollment in ADS 1113). Two hours laboratory. Practical application of essential knowledge and skills needed in the livestock, dairy and poultry science

ADS 1132 Introduction to Horsemanship: 2 hours.

One hour lecture. Two hours laboratory. Principles of riding,managing, and training pleasure horses

ADS 2102 Equine Conformation and Performance Evaluation: 2 hours.

Spring Semester. Four hours laboratory. Individual evaluation of horses with an in-depth study of anatomy and its relationship to function, plus methods used in evaluating performance classes

ADS 2111 Animal Science Career Planning: 1 hour.

(Prerequisites: ADS 1111). One hour lecture. Development of life skills with focus on career preparation for animal and dairy sciences’ industries

ADS 2122 Advanced Equine Evaluation: 2 hours.

Fall Semester. (Prerequisite: ADS 2102 or consent of instructor). Four hours laboratory. Advanced evaluations of equine conformation and performance classes. Develop more extensive oral reason presentations to defend conformation and performance placings

ADS 2212 Equine Behavior and Training: 2 hours.

(Prerequisite: ADS 1132 or consent of instructor) Two hours laboratory. Equine behavior and application of psychology principles for training horses. Systematic approaches to horse training emphasizing learning principles and training methods for specific equine activities

ADS 2221 Companion Animal Management Laboratory: 1 hour.

(Prerequisite or Corequisite: ADS 2223). Two hours laboratory. Management practices for companion animals. The selection, handling, and care techniques for various types of companion animals

ADS 2223 Companion Animal: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: sophomore standing or consent of instructor.) Three hours lecture. Focus on companion animal dogs and cats regarding breed selection, nutrition, reproductive biology, management, and responsibilities

ADS 2312 Advanced Horsemanship: 2 hours.

One hour lecture. Two hours laboratory. Advanced equine training and riding. Developing and implementing a training regiment using upper level riding skills to produce an advanced performance horse for competition

ADS 2990 Special Topics in Animal and Dairy Sciences: 1-9 hours.

Credit and title to be arranged. This course is to be used on a limited basis to offer developing subject matter areas not covered in existing courses. (Courses limited to two offerings under one title within two academic years)

ADS 3014 Anatomy and Physiology: 4 hours.

Three hours lecture. Two hours laboratory. A survey of structure and function of animal body systems and a study of their relationships. (Same as VS 3014)

ADS 3142 Meats Judging I: 2 hours.

Spring semester. Four hours laboratory. Grading and judging meat carcasses and cuts, study of packing house operation. (Same as FNH 3142)

ADS 3214 Livestock Growth and Development: 4 hours.

(Prerequisites: ADS 1113 and ADS 1121 or ADS 1114). Three hours lecture. Two hours laboratory. Particular emphasis will be placed on the development of bone, muscle, and adipose tissues as these are the predominant tissues of physiological and economic importance in livestock production

ADS 3221 Practices In Horse Care & Management: 1 hour.

(Prerequisite or Co-requisite: ADS 3223). Two hours laboratory. Management practices for horses. The handling and care practices applied during various stages in a horse’s life

ADS 3223 Horse Management: 3 hours.

(Prerequisites: ADS 1113 and ADS 1121 or ADS 1114). Three hours lecture. Breeding, feeding, management, and training of the horse

ADS 3233 Equine Assisted Therapy: 3 hours.

Two hours lecture. Two hours laboratory. Introductions to equine assisted therapy discussing the equine activities team,facilities and equipment, standards and accreditation, and special needs of the rider. special needs of the rider

ADS 3312 Livestock Management Practices: 2 hours.

(Prerequisites: ADS 1113 and ADS 1121 or ADS 1114). Four hours laboratory. Modern techniques used in proper vocational management of beef cattle, dairy cattle, sheep, swine and horses

ADS 3314 Introduction to Meat Science: 4 hours.

(Prerequisites: ADS 1113, ADS 1114 or FNH 1103). Three hour lecture. Two hours laboratory. Introduction to survey of the muscle food industry including history, production of meat including harvesting, inspection evaluation and fabrication, storage and value added manufacturing of meat. (Same as FNH 3314)

ADS 3812 Dairy Cattle Appraisal: 2 hours.

Four hours laboratory. Phenotypic appraisal; breed programs; performance record systems

ADS 4000 Directed Individual Study in Animal and Dairy Sciences: 1-6 hours.

Hours and credits to be arranged. Approval by Department Head only

ADS 4111 Swine Production and Management Laboratory: 1 hour.

(Prerequisite or Co-requisite: ADS 4113). Two hours laboratory. Operational and management practices for further understanding of and skills for modern swine production industry

ADS 4112 Equine Reproduction: 2 hours.

One hour lecture. Two hours laboratory. A study of equine reproductive activities and the principles for managing the mare,stallion and foal. (Same as PHY 6112)

ADS 4113 Swine Science: 3 hours.

Fall semester. (Prerequisites: ADS 1113 and ADS 1121 or ADS 1114). Three hours lecture. Feeding, management, breeding, production, and marketing of swine

ADS 4114 Animal Nutrition: 4 hours.

(Prerequisites: CH 2503 and CH 2501 or CH 4513 and CH 4511). Four hours lecture. Nutrition of monogastric and ruminant species. Anatomy, physiology, disgestion, and absorption pertaining to monogastric and ruminants. Description, functions, sources, deficiency symptoms

ADS 4124 Animal Breeding: 4 hours.

(Prerequisite: PO/BIO 3103 and ST/MA/BQA 2113). Three hours lecture and two hours laboratory. The basis for genetic improvement of livestock, including the study of variation, heritable characteristics, mating systems and methods of estimating breeding values

ADS 4211 Goat and Sheep Production Lab: 1 hour.

(Prerequisite or Co-requisite: Goat and Sheep Production ADS 4223/6223). Two hours laboratory. Practical application of management strategies in goat and sheep production

ADS 4212 Livestock Evaluation: 2 hours.

Four hours laboratory. Evaluation of individuals and representative groups of livestock from the standpoint of the breeder, the market, and the consumer

ADS 4213 Feeds and Feeding: 3 hours.

(Prerequisites: ADS 4114/6114). Two hours lecture; two hours laboratory. Application of knowledge of feedstuffs and nutrient requirements in ration formulation for all classes of livestock

ADS 4221 Capstone in Animal and Dairy Science: 1 hour.

One hour lecture. (Prerequisite: Senior Standing). Review and oral presentation of animal science research and related production problems

ADS 4223 Goat and Sheep Production: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: ADS 1113 and ADS 1121 or ADS 1114). Three hours lecture. Management and marketing of goats and sheep in production enterprises

ADS 4232 Advanced Livestock Evaluation: 2 hours.

Four hours laboratory. Advanced study of animal evaluation in functional efficiency

ADS 4243 Composition and Chemical Reactions of Foods: 3 hours.

(Prerequisites: Grade of “C” or better in CH 1213, and CH 2503 or equivalent, and Junior or Senior Standing). Three hours lecture. Nature and chemical behavior of food constituents including proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals, water, enzymes and pigments; properties of food systems as related to commercial preparation. (Same as FNH 4243/6243)

ADS 4313 Advanced Science of Muscle Foods: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: Junior standing or greater, ADS /FNH 3314, CH 1223 and/or consent of instructor). Three hours lecture. Exploration of the ultra-structure of muscle, (pre and post harvest), and the microbiology,inspection and safety, nutritional properties, and sensory characteristics of muscle. (Same as FNH 4313/6313)

ADS 4321 Beef Cattle Laboratory: 1 hour.

(Prerequisite or Co-requisite: ADS 4323/6323). Two hours laboratory. Management practices for beef cattle operations

ADS 4323 Beef Cattle Science: 3 hours.

(Prerequisites: ADS 1113 and ADS 1121 or ADS 1114). Three hours lecture. Breeding, feeding, management, and marketing of beef cattle

ADS 4333 Equine Exercise Physiology: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: ADS 3223). Three hours lecture. Evaluation of research in equine exercise science. Physical, physiologic, metabolic, behavioral and locomotive adaptations of the equine athlete to athletic training

ADS 4412 Managing Livestock Sales I: 2 hours.

(Prerequisites: Instructor approval). Four hours laboratory. Course in preparation, structure and management of livestock sales. Emphasis will be on cattle and horse sales. Students will prepare for and conduct sale

ADS 4420 Animal and Dairy Science Internship: 1-6 hours.

(Prerequisite: Consent of instructor). Experience in production, management, or product promotion as it relates to the livestock, companion animal, or laboratory animal species under faculty supervision. Repeatable up to 6 total credit hours

ADS 4423 Animal and Dairy Sciences Internship: 3 hours.

(Prerequisites: Consent of instructor). Individual work experience with the farm animal species either in animal production, meat production or product promotion with an industry commodity representative under faculty supervision

ADS 4433 Advanced Beef Cattle Production: 3 hours.

(Prerequisites: ADS 4323 and ADS 4321.) Two hours lecture, two hours lab. Management, marketing, and utilization of beef animals with cow-calf and stocker cattle production in the U.S

ADS 4440 Research Experience Practicum: 1-6 hours.

(1-6 hours). (Prerequisite: consent of instructor). One to six hours practicum. Supervised research experience to gain an understanding of experimental design and planning, data collection, handling and analysis, and interpretation and presentation of results. Repeatable up to 6 hours

ADS 4520 Livestock Extension Experience: 1-3 hours.

(Prerequisite: ADS 1113 and consent of instructor). One to three hours directed experiential study. Individual work experience with Extension programs related to the animal agriculture industries. Repeatable

ADS 4523 Internet-Based Management in Livestock Industries: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: Junior, senior or graduate standing). Three hours lecture. Use of the internet in making management decisions in livestock industries, with emphasis on use in livestock production enterprises

ADS 4543 Applied Animal Biotechnology: 3 hours.

(Prerequisites: Junior Standing or Instructor Approval). Two hours lecture and two hours laboratory. Exploring the use of livestock species as dual-purpose models to improve food animal production and to advance bio-medicine through biotechnology. Topics include functional genomics, transgenic livestock production, and nanotechnology

ADS 4553 Current Literature in Animal and Dairy Sciences: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: Junior, Senior or graduate standing). Three hours lecture. Evaluation of current research in animal and dairy sciences and its application to production and management

ADS 4611 Practices in Physiology of Reproduction: 1 hour.

(Prerequisite: BIO 1134 or BIO 1144). Three hours laboratory. Artificial insemination and rectal palpation of reproductive organs of cattle; semen collection, evaluation, processing and handling. (Same as PHY 6611)

ADS 4613 Physiology of Reproduction: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: BIO 1134 or BIO 1144.) Three hours lecture. Anatomy and physiology; reproductive cycles; production, evaluation and preservation of gametes; gestation; endocrine regulation; managed reproduction. (Same as PHY 6613.)

ADS 4623 Physiology of Lactation: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: BIO 1134 or BIO 1144). Two hours lecture. Two hours laboratory. Anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the mammary gland; nervous and hormonal control of lactation, theories of milk secretion, modern methods of milking, factors affecting lactation. (Same as PHY 6623.)

ADS 4633 Immunology and Disease in Large Livestock Species: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: ADS/VS 3014). Three hours lecture. This course will cover common diseases in dairy cattle, beef cattle, and horses. Curriculum will include immunology, disease transfer, prevention methods, detection techniques, treatment options, and potential impacts on the animal, producer, and industry

ADS 4772 Equine Training and Clinic Development: 2 hours.

(Prerequisite: Consent of instructor). Four hours laboratory. Proper training and behavior modification practices to promote confidence in the riding and the training of horses. Importance is placed on the student’s development of teaching ability to conduct riding clinics

ADS 4811 Dairy Farm Management Laboratory: 1 hour.

(Prerequisite or Co-requisite: ADS 4813/6813 Dairy Farm Management). Three hours laboratory. Practical application of management strategies in dairy production enterprises

ADS 4813 Dairy Farm Management: 3 hours.

(Prerequisites: ADS 1113 and ADS 1121 or ADS 1114). Three hours lecture. Planning and integrating dairy farm operations; management principles applied to dairy herd operations

ADS 4823 Advanced Dairy Farm Management: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: ADS 4814). Two hours lecture. Four hours lab. Advanced principle of dairy science as applied to the whole farm. Management of specific groups of cattle including nutrition, breeding, and milking management

ADS 4990 Special Topics in Animal and Dairy Science: 1-9 hours.

Credit and title to be arranged. This course is to be used on a limited basis to offer developing subject matter areas not covered in existing courses. (Courses limited to two offerings under one title within two academic years)

ADS 6111 Swine Production and Management Laboratory: 1 hour.

(Prerequisite or Co-requisite: ADS 4113). Two hours laboratory. Operational and management practices for further understanding of and skills for modern swine production industry

ADS 6112 Equine Reproduction: 2 hours.

One hour lecture. Two hours laboratory. A study of equine reproductive activities and the principles for managing the mare,stallion and foal. (Same as PHY 6112)

ADS 6113 Swine Science: 3 hours.

Fall semester. (Prerequisites: ADS 1113 and ADS 1121 or ADS 1114). Three hours lecture. Feeding, management, breeding, production, and marketing of swine

ADS 6114 Animal Nutrition: 4 hours.

(Prerequisites: CH 2503 and CH 2501 or CH 4513 and CH 4511). Four hours lecture. Nutrition of monogastric and ruminant species. Anatomy, physiology, disgestion, and absorption pertaining to monogastric and ruminants. Description, functions, sources, deficiency symptoms

ADS 6124 Animal Breeding: 4 hours.

(Prerequisite: PO/BIO 3103 and ST/MA/BQA 2113). Three hours lecture and two hours laboratory. The basis for genetic improvement of livestock, including the study of variation, heritable characteristics, mating systems and methods of estimating breeding values

ADS 6211 Goat and Sheep Production Lab: 1 hour.

(Prerequisite or Co-requisite: Goat and Sheep Production ADS 4223/6223). Two hours laboratory. Practical application of management strategies in goat and sheep production

ADS 6213 Feeds and Feeding: 3 hours.

(Prerequisites: ADS 4114/6114). Two hours lecture; two hours laboratory. Application of knowledge of feedstuffs and nutrient requirements in ration formulation for all classes of livestock

ADS 6223 Goat and Sheep Production: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: ADS 1113 and ADS 1121 or ADS 1114). Three hours lecture. Management and marketing of goats and sheep in production enterprises

ADS 6243 Composition and Chemical Reactions of Foods: 3 hours.

(Prerequisites: Grade of “C” or better in CH 1213, and CH 2503 or equivalent, and Junior or Senior Standing). Three hours lecture. Nature and chemical behavior of food constituents including proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals, water, enzymes and pigments; properties of food systems as related to commercial preparation. (Same as FNH 4243/6243)

ADS 6313 Advanced Science of Muscle Foods: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: Junior standing or greater, ADS /FNH 3314, CH 1223 and/or consent of instructor). Three hours lecture. Exploration of the ultra-structure of muscle, (pre and post harvest), and the microbiology,inspection and safety, nutritional properties, and sensory characteristics of muscle. (Same as FNH 4313/6313)

ADS 6321 Beef Cattle Laboratory: 1 hour.

(Prerequisite or Co-requisite: ADS 4323/6323). Two hours laboratory. Management practices for beef cattle operations

ADS 6323 Beef Cattle Science: 3 hours.

(Prerequisites: ADS 1113 and ADS 1121 or ADS 1114). Three hours lecture. Breeding, feeding, management, and marketing of beef cattle

ADS 6333 Equine Exercise Physiology: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: ADS 3223). Three hours lecture. Evaluation of research in equine exercise science. Physical, physiologic, metabolic, behavioral and locomotive adaptations of the equine athlete to athletic training

ADS 6433 Advanced Beef Cattle Production: 3 hours.

(Prerequisites: ADS 4323 and ADS 4321.) Two hours lecture, two hours lab. Management, marketing, and utilization of beef animals with cow-calf and stocker cattle production in the U.S

ADS 6523 Internet-Based Management in Livestock Industries: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: Junior, senior or graduate standing). Three hours lecture. Use of the internet in making management decisions in livestock industries, with emphasis on use in livestock production enterprises

ADS 6543 Applied Animal Biotechnology: 3 hours.

(Prerequisites: Junior Standing or Instructor Approval). Two hours lecture and two hours laboratory. Exploring the use of livestock species as dual-purpose models to improve food animal production and to advance bio-medicine through biotechnology. Topics include functional genomics, transgenic livestock production, and nanotechnology

ADS 6553 Current Literature in Animal and Dairy Sciences: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: Junior, Senior or graduate standing). Three hours lecture. Evaluation of current research in animal and dairy sciences and its application to production and management

ADS 6611 Practices in Physiology of Reproduction: 1 hour.

(Prerequisite: BIO 1134 or BIO 1144). Three hours laboratory. Artificial insemination and rectal palpation of reproductive organs of cattle; semen collection, evaluation, processing and handling. (Same as PHY 6611)

ADS 6613 Physiology of Reproduction: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: BIO 1134 or BIO 1144.) Three hours lecture. Anatomy and physiology; reproductive cycles; production, evaluation and preservation of gametes; gestation; endocrine regulation; managed reproduction. (Same as PHY 6613.)

ADS 6623 Physiology of Lactation: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: BIO 1134 or BIO 1144). Two hours lecture. Two hours laboratory. Anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the mammary gland; nervous and hormonal control of lactation, theories of milk secretion, modern methods of milking, factors affecting lactation. (Same as PHY 6623.)

ADS 6633 Immunology and Disease in Large Livestock Species: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: ADS/VS 3014). Three hours lecture. This course will cover common diseases in dairy cattle, beef cattle, and horses. Curriculum will include immunology, disease transfer, prevention methods, detection techniques, treatment options, and potential impacts on the animal, producer, and industry

ADS 6772 Equine Training and Clinic Development: 2 hours.

(Prerequisite: Consent of instructor). Four hours laboratory. Proper training and behavior modification practices to promote confidence in the riding and the training of horses. Importance is placed on the student’s development of teaching ability to conduct riding clinics

ADS 6811 Dairy Farm Management Laboratory: 1 hour.

(Prerequisite or Co-requisite: ADS 4813/6813 Dairy Farm Management). Three hours laboratory. Practical application of management strategies in dairy production enterprises

ADS 6813 Dairy Farm Management: 3 hours.

(Prerequisites: ADS 1113 and ADS 1121 or ADS 1114). Three hours lecture. Planning and integrating dairy farm operations; management principles applied to dairy herd operations

ADS 6814 Dairy Farm Management: 4 hours.

(Prerequisites: ADS 1114). Three hours lecture. Two hours laboratory. Planning and integrating dairy farm operations; management principles applied to dairy herd operations

ADS 6823 Advanced Dairy Farm Management: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: ADS 4814). Two hours lecture. Four hours lab. Advanced principle of dairy science as applied to the whole farm. Management of specific groups of cattle including nutrition, breeding, and milking management

ADS 6990 Special Topics in Animal and Dairy Sciences: 1-9 hours.

Credit and title to be arranged. This course is to be used on a limited basis to offer developing subject matter areas not covered in existing courses. (Courses limited to two offerings under one title within two academic years)

ADS 7000 Directed Individual Study in Animal and Dairy Science: 1-6 hours.

Hours and credits to be arranged

ADS 8000 Thesis Research/ Thesis in Animal and Dairy Sciences: 1-13 hours.

ADS 8004 Method Application and Data Analyses in Animal Sciences: 4 hours.

(Prerequisite: ST 8114 or equivalent). Three hours lecture and two hours laboratory. Data analyses and experimental design principles used commonly in the field of animal science. Data management and practical applications using statistical software. Assessment of validity in differing methods of analysis

ADS 8111 Animal and Dairy Sciences Seminar: 1 hour.

Survey of current literature; preparation, organization, and presentation of papers on selected topics in animal and dairy sciences. (Course is repeatable and may be taken 6 times)

ADS 8133 Endocrine Secretions: 3 hours.

Three hours lecture. Study of factors by which cells communicate: the traditional endocrine system, autocrine, paracrine and neurocrine secretion. Physiological and genetic control of synthesis and secretion. (Same as PHY 8133)

ADS 8153 Ruminant Nutrition: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: ADS 4114/6114 or equivalent). Three hours lecture. In-depth treatment of rumen function and recent concepts in ruminant nutrition

ADS 8162 Monogastric Nutrition: 2 hours.

(Prerequisite: ADS 4114/6114 or equivalent). Two hours lecture. Monogastric nutritional relationships with special emphasis on swine nutrition. Metabolic functions, dietary requirements, deficiency symptoms and distribution of nutrients in feedstuffs

ADS 8233 Advanced Breeding: 3 hours.

(Prerequisites: ADS 4123/6123 or PO 4303/6303, ST 8114). Three hours lecture. Describing, measuring and partitioning phenotypic variances and covariances. Estimating parameters, predicting response, systems of breeding, and methods of selection

ADS 8243 Advanced Physiology of Reproduction: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: ADS 4613/6613 or its equivalent). Three hours lecture. An advanced study of the reproductive process with emphasis on reproductive endocrinology and the physiology of fertility. (Same as PHY 8243.)

ADS 8333 Nutritional Biochemistry of Livestock Species: 3 hours.

Three hours lecture. The biochemical aspects of post-absorptive nutrient utilization, intermediary metabolism, and tissue-level accretion in livestock species will be discussed. Particular emphasis will be placed on the contribution of nutrients to the metabolic disposition of economically important tissues including muscle and adipose

ADS 8423 Meat Science: 3 hours.

Three hours lecture. Basic study of the value of meat and how this information is applied to the evaluation, processing and preservation of meat, meat products and meat by-products. (Same as FNH 8423)

ADS 8463 Advanced Animal Nutrition: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: ADS 4114/6114 or prior approval from instructor). Three hours lecture. Develop an understanding of nutritional physiology, metabolism, and utilization of nutrients by animal species

ADS 8473 Micro-Nutrient Nutrition: 3 hours.

Three hours lecture.Detailed study of functions, deficiency, symptoms, dietary considerations necessary to the nutrition of fish,dogs,cats,horses, mink,rabbits, and laboratory animals

ADS 8533 Beef Cattle Production Systems Management: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: ADS 4323/6323 or consent of instructor). Three hours lecture. Systems management approaches to profitable and sustainable beef cattle production including cow-calf, stocker, and feedlot industry segments

ADS 8633 Homeostatic Regulation and Physiological Stress: 3 hours.

(Prerequisites: PHY 6514 and PHY 8131, 8133 or consent of instructor). Three hours lecture. An integration of the physiological mechanisms involved in the control of homeostasis in mammals is emphasized with discussion of the effect of specific stressors on these mechanisms. (Same as PHY 8633.)

ADS 8973 Scientific Writing: 3 hours.

(Prerequisite: Graduate standing and consent of instructor). Three hours lecture. The course provides advanced training in research proposal, grant proposal,and manuscript writing. (Same as FO 8973 and CVM 8973)

ADS 8990 Special Topics in Animal and Dairy Sciences: 1-9 hours.

Credit and title to be arranged. This course is to be used on a limited basis to offer developing subject matter areas not covered in existing courses. (Courses limited to two offerings under one title within two academic years)

ADS 9000 Dissertation Research/ Dissertation in Animal and Dairy Sciences: 1-13 hours.